These studies suggest that conjugation of compounds in repellents/essential oils/natural products/food additives with copper(II) or cobalt(III) metal centers may not be safe, especially in tropical and subtropical places, where several dengue infection cases and deaths are reported annually or in places with increased ZIKV caused microcephaly.ġ 10-phenanthroline Copper(II) and cobalt(III) Dengue virus Thiosemicarbazones Viral replication Zika virus.Ĭopyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Also, treatment with copper(II) or cobalt(III) conjugated compounds increased viral titers and number of plaque formations. Enhanced ZIKV/DENV2 capsid mRNA or envelope protein loads were evident in mosquito cells and human keratinocytes, when treated with compounds before/after infections. Here, we show that thiosemicarbazone ligand(s) derived from 2-acetylethiazole or citral or 1,10-phenanthroline upon conjugation with copper(II) or cobalt(III) metal centers enhances dengue virus (serotype 2 DENV2) and/or Zika virus (ZIKV) infections in mosquito, mouse and human cells. Use of chemicals/repellents against mosquito bites and transmission of microbes has been the topic of interest for many years. Mosquito-borne diseases are of great concern to the mankind. Taken together, these findings suggest that use of Cu(II) or Co(III) conjugation to organic compounds, in insect repellents and/or food additives could enhance DENV2/ZIKV loads in human cells and perhaps induce pathogenesis in infected individuals or individuals pre-exposed to such conjugated complexes. Also, we found that copper(II) chloride dehydrate (CuCl 2♲H 2O) or cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate (CoCl 2♶H 2O) alone had no effects as "free" cations. In addition, we tested bis(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(II) chloride (Cl 2, (compound 5) and tris(1,10-phenanthroline)cobalt(III) chloride (Cl 3, (compound 6) that also showed enhanced DENV2 loads. This is obvious as the colour change from pink to dark blue indicates the formation of Cobalt(II) chloride ions. No changes in loads of E-protein were found in ZIKV-infected C6/36 cells, when compounds were treated after infection. As heat is applied reaction shifts to the right. SDS CoA Synonyms: Cobalt dichloride CAS : EC Number: 231-589-4 Molar Mass: 237.90 g/mol Chemical Formula: ClCo 6 HO Hill Formula: ClCo 6 HO Grade: ACS,Reag. Also, pre- or post treatments with conjugated compounds 2 or 4 showed higher loads of ZIKV or DENV2 envelope (E) protein in HaCaT cells. Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate MSDS (material safety data sheet) or SDS, CoA and CoQ, dossiers, brochures and other available documents. Treatment with the compounds 2 or 4 enhanced ZIKV and DENV2 RNA levels in HeLa cell line and primary cultures of mouse bone marrow derived dendritic cells. Enhanced dengue viral plaque formation was also noted at the tested dose of 100μM, suggesting higher production of infectious viral particles. Treatment of both cell lines with compounds 2 or 4 showed increased dengue viral titers at all three tested doses. In this study, we show that four compounds comprising of thiosemicarbazone ligand derived from 2-acetylethiazole viz., (E)-N-ethyl-2-hydrazinecarbothioamide (acetylethTSC) (compound 1), a copper(II) complex with acetylethTSC as a ligand (compound 2), a thiosemicarbazone ligand-derived from citral (compound 3) and a cobalt(III) complex with a citral-thiosemicarbazone ligand (compound 4) increased DENV2 and ZIKV replication in both mosquito C6/36 cells and human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). However, studies to show the effect of conjugation of copper(II) or cobalt(III) metal centers to thiosemicarbazone ligand(s) derived from either food additives or mosquito repellent such as 2-acetylethiazole or citral, respectively, on Zika virus (ZIKV) or dengue virus (serotype 2 DENV2) infections have not been explored. The property of cobalt chloride to change its color in presence of humidity helps to make cobalt chloride a humidity indicator which is applied in weather instruments.Trace elements such as copper and cobalt have been associated with virus-host interactions. When the reaction is reversed by adding water, the blue solution of cobalt chloride changes to pink color and heat is evolved, therefore the reaction is exothermic. It contains cobalt in its +2 oxidation state. Organoleptic Properties: Odor Strength:none. Hint: The cobalt chloride is a chemical compound with formula $CoCO$Ĭobalt chloride hexahydrate is pink in color and cobalt chloride is blue in color. Some blue cobalt chloride paper was fastened to the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf on a plant X and a leaf on plant Y. Cobalt (II) chloride anhydrous (with no water molecules attached) Cobalt (II) chloride, also known as cobaltous chloride and cobalt dichloride, is a chemical compound. cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate cobalt(2+) dichloride hexahydrate NCBI: Search water.
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